History of Renville County
North Dakota

In 1871 there were only two counties in what is now known as North Dakota.  Renville County of today was part of a great territory known as Buffalo Country, and the Red River area was known as Pembina.  In 1872 the territorial legislature made further divisions.  It created Rolette, Bottineau, McHenry, Stevens, Mountrail, Williams and Wallette counties.

Stevens County included all of the present Ward and McLean counties and more besides.  Williams lay mostly south of the Missouri River where Dunn County is now. Mountrail was a narrow strip including parts of the present Mountrail and Burke Counties and Wallette took the place of the present Divide and Williams Counties.

Thousands of buffalo then roamed these plains and the earliest pioneers, hunters and trappers, thrilled at the sight of the vast herds of the shaggy animals.  However, they disappeared rapidly with the onslaught of hunters who slaughtered them mercilessly, some for sport, and some for the railroad.

By 1875 the large herds had been reduced to scattered groups here and there found mostly in out of the way places.  The Coteau Du Missouri hills and the breaks along the Mouse River were among the favorite haunts of the buffalo and many of them were killed in these hills.

The last buffalo hunt called The It big Killing, was in 1882 and many thousands of the animals were killed in this famous hunt.  After that year they were practically gone.  Down through the years these beasts had furnished the meat supply for the Indians, together with antelope and deer, which were also in abundance in the vast plain area.

With the progress of civilization, the antelope and deer soon disappeared and now are only seen on very rare occasions.

With the extermination of the buffalo those who had been engaged in this occupation turned to gathering the bones, a harvest which lasted only a few years.  During that time it almost became an industry in the northwestern part of the state.  A firm by the name of Worner and Stoltz was the leading buyer in Minot and they paid from $6.00 to $15.00 a ton for the bones delivered there.  Products manufactured from the bones included knife handles, commercial fertilizer and converted carbon used in filtration of sugar.

Indians roamed the plains in large bands and chiefly among those found in the north and northwestern part of the territory were the Gros Ventre tribe.  Each tribe laid claim to a certain unbounded territory and were constantly giving way to a more powerful tribe.

The larger tribe would remain for a time, move on to conquer a smaller foe, and the tribe previously conquered would come back to claim their territory until a stronger tribe came again to dislodge them.

 Thus they sought new hunting ground, only when driven off by a stronger foe, until the white man came to slaughter and drive away the animals on which they depended for existence.

The trails which they made threaded their way near the present site of Mohall and crossed the Mouse River near McKinney and other trails made by them in what is now called Renville County crossed the Mouse River near Henry Stammen's ranch in the western part near the county line.  One of their burial grounds was located several miles farther south along the river.  This burial ground, in tradition with the old Indian custom was made on poles.  When the Government took charge of the Indians this ceremony was forbidden.

Wherever virgin prairie still prevails, many circles of stone can be found to mark the spot where teepees stood to form part of an encampment of Indians at some time.  Many relics, as memories of these Indians include numerous arrowheads, stone hammers, skulls and spear heads.

Among the hundreds of bone collectors who searched here and there over the plains for the buffalo bones, were a group of half breeds from Pembina. They came to the northwest in search of bones, with large boxes on large two-wheeled carts, introducing for the first time this type of cart to the northwest country.  The cart was the Red River cart and the bones were gathered rapidly by these men, as with their squealing carts and oxen they went here and there.

Foremost among this group of men was a French half breed-named Joseph Renville, who with this group of half breeds visited the Mouse River Valley.  He returned again several years later, and it was through this mans visits to this part of the country that Renville County later came to be known by that name.

An early trapper who roved up and down the Mouse River Valley was among others, and perhaps the most famous, Yankee Robinson, who made a business of trapping and hunting.

Into what is now known as Renville County early in 1883 came the Gray Brothers., Robert H., John T., George C., and Lewis, to establish a horse ranch 10 miles north of where the present site of the village of Greene is.  Settling in a large bend of the river, log buildings were hastily thrown up, with logs cut from the trees along the river.  These boys, or young men, as they were then, came to the Mouse River Valley from Canada.  Their outfit was made up of one horse drawn wagon laden with supplies, a number of saddle horses and pack horses and a large band of loose horses.  The four men came westward searching for a suitable location for a ranch where ample range could be found to raise horses in large quantities.

Wild game was found in abundance by the Gray Brothers and they were never short of meat.  Deer and several species of antelope, ducks and geese afforded good meat in the valley while prairie chicken, grouse and partridge were found in large covies almost anywhere on the prairie.  Fur-bearing animals quite common along the river were mink, otter, beaver, timber wolves, red and grey foxes, lynx, silver gray fox and occasional black or brown bear.  Such animals found on the prairie were mostly coyotes or prairie wolves.

 The Gray brothers remained and by the end of the year had a very nice band of horses so they returned to Canada later in the year and brought more horses back with them.  Their closest town was Devils Lake, to which point they made one trip during the fall to lay in staple necessities needed during the long winter.  By the time the snow came they had a very comfortable home established, plenty of meat stored up and the valley afforded an open range for their horses which had to be watched all the time so as to not allow them to wander too far back on the vast plains both ways from the snug little valley.  Their chief occupation during the long winter months was the trapping of the fur-bearing animals of which they caught many, and when spring arrived had a very good store of furs packed away.

About the same time the Gray brothers came to the Mouse River Valley three other brothers, Daniel, John and Michael Manning also came from Canada in 1883, searching for a suitable place to start a horse and cattle ranch, where access to open range would be found.  Pressing westward from the Turtle Mountains they came to a creek and in the fork of the creek decided they had found a suitable location, so here they established their home.  Some trees grew on the creek and with some of the largest of these and odd ones secured here and there from other clumps of trees, they managed to build a log shack, which was the start of what turned out to be the large Manning ranch on the fork of Antlers Creek.  They, too made a return trip to Canada and came back with cattle and horses which in later years grew into one of the largest herds of cattle and horses in the northwest.

The abundance of tall grass on the vast prairie afforded a real paradise for the stock and during the next twenty years William Turner who came with the Manning Brothers as their foreman, made the declaration in 1903,"That they had not cut or stacked one single ton of hay for their large herd of cattle and horses during that time including the severe winter of 1885-1886.

As with the Gray brothers who were located about thirty five miles southwest of the Mannings, the latters closest railroad point in the U.S. was Devils Lake, which was about one hundred forty miles to the southeast.

Portage La Prairie, their old home in Manitoba, Canada, was only about one hundred twenty miles to the northeast so an occasional trip was made to their old home in Canada with an overnight camp at White Water Lake, which was nearly half way.  One trip during the year was made to Devils Lake for provisions as better trails were found in this direction and not such rough country to cross, as the north end of the Turtle Mountains had to be crossed in a trip to Portage La Prairie and not much of a load could be hauled on the return trip.

 1884 brought Ed Bryans Sr. from the same vicinity in Canada, traveling in a wagon containing his family and all their household goods and drawn by a yoke of oxen.  Traveling westward from the Manning ranch on the Antler Creek he finally decided to squat on a tract of land about two miles north of the present Mouse River Park.  Here he built a combination of a log and sod house which served as their home for the next five years.  In 1889 he moved farther south to secure more hay and water for their stock. Here a frame house was built near the river and when the land was surveyed by the Government in 1895 and 1896 the section line passed within two feet of the house.  This was the start of what later became the famous Bryans ranch.  By 1906 Mr. Bryans had one of the largest ranches in the country, at that time having 10,000 sheep, which he went in for in a big way.  With the coming of the settlers the open range diminished and he was forced to dispose of his large flock.

The same year (1884) John Stammen and his three sons Henry, Phillip and Michael settled thirty miles south of the Gray brothers ranch near where the county line is now.  This ranch developed into a very large ranch and the original ranch later became the C.P. ranch owned by C. H. Parker of Minot and one of the only ranches in the state where a buffalo herd is maintained.

1885 brought more Portage La Prairie residents to the Mouse River when James Harkness and his son, William, came in with saddle horses and pack horses to settle three fourths of a mile from the international boundary.

The same spring brought Nels, Frank and John Swenson to settle north of the Gray brothers ranch about five miles, just a half mile south of where the village of McKinney was soon started.

The Mouse River Horse and Cattle Company which became one of the largest ranches in this region was started in the spring of 1885 with Otis McKinney and Clyde W. Joslin as the owners.  A third man named Young also owned part of the company and his name was always linked with those of McKinney and Joslin.  These men shipped from Ohio to Jamestown, N.D. and from Jamestown moved their outfit overland to the Mouse River Valley.

The next seven years saw the Mouse River Horse and Cattle Company increase its herd until in 1892 they were receiving 1200 head of polled Angus cattle and two hundred fifty head of Clydesdale horses.  In 1892 most of the herd was shipped and sold to St. Paul markets, being loaded at Kenmare, comprising the first trainload of livestock shipped over the Soo Line from Kenmare.

W.E.(Billy) Grimell, also came to the valley in 1885 and he made himself quite a name on this new frontier as foreman for the Mouse River Horse and Cattle Company.  He later homesteaded the land where the Mouse River Parks site is today and two and one half miles south down the river from the ranch of the Mouse River Horse and Cattle Company.

Joslin Post office, started in 1885 and named for Clyde W. Joslin, one of the partners in the famous Cattle Company, was located in a bend of the river  four miles east and one half mile south of the present site of Tolley and on todays description of the land as NW of Sec. 1-Twp 160-Range 86.

This was the first regularly appointed post office in the County and mail was brought from Burlington which was the county seat of Imperial Ward County until 1886 when the railroad came to Minot.  Mail was brought to Burlington from Devils Lake by stage as was mail from Burlington to Joslin.  A man named Joe Overholt as the first stage driver.  In the spring he had settled and started a small ranch about one and one half miles south of the present site of the village of Grano in the valley by the river.  Coming from Burlington with the stage, Overholt went by way of the scattered ranches in the valley, following the river all the way.

 He nearly always hauled merchandise for the ranchers and as no special route was laid out he often went out of his way to make deliveries to them. As there were practically no regulations of post offices at that time, people would come to his home to call for their mail or merchandise and in this manner his ranch soon became known as Overholt postoffice, and later as the vicinity became settled, quite a bit of mail was delivered from this point.

Tom Lansley and J. A. Juno were later stage drivers on this same route, but Overholt drove for several years.

Joslin was a busy little village for the first year, with the establishing of the post office, store and blacksmith shop taking care of the bulk of the business.  All provisions and what equipment was used had to be hauled from Devils Lake.
 

Henry Ludtke came to the little burg as the first postmaster and storekeeper and the most excitement was when the stage arrived every third day.  Nearly everyone in the community gathered at the little post-office to get a letter from home.

McKinney post-office was started the next year in 1886 and was named for the other member of the Mouse River Horse and Cattle Company, Otis McKinney.

The little village was started first about a half mile south of the permanent location, and the first building was owned by Carl Swenson who served as postmaster and general storekeeper.  Another building was soon erected and served as a hardware store with a lean-to serving as a blacksmith shop.  Built on the slope west of the river almost straight west of the Swenson home, the little village never increased to more than these two buildings and several years later it was moved to a site about a half mile north of Swenson’s.  A bridge was built there and McKinney grew to be the busiest little town in the proposed County of Renville.

With the start of McKinney in 1886, the stage line from Burlington to Joslin was extended to McKinney from Joslin and mail was distributed from McKinney.

1886 also brought another picturesque rancher to the vicinity where Sherwood was later to become a town.  This was Mr. Colquhoun, who settled about twenty miles northwest of McKinney and started what later turned out to be one of the largest sheep ranches in the county.  His home later proved to be a good stopping place for home seekers and settlers, and many of the early homesteaders got provisions and mail from this place.

By 1890 horses, cattle and sheep roamed the plains by the thousands with identification only by brand.  Each individual owner had his own brand.  Every large ranch had its own riders, commonly called cowboys, and those in the sheep business employed quite a few herders, accompanied each by two or three dogs as a protection against the ever depreciating prairie wolves or coyotes.  The vast plains stretching both ways from the Mouse River Valley afforded a regular paradise for the large herds of roving stock.  The long grass of many years growth served an abundant amount of feed both winter and summer.

 The only obstacle was an occasional prairie fire in the spring and fall of the years and as the country became more settled these became more numerous.  Some of them burned many miles of grassland and raged for several days before being subdued.  Ranchers, cowboys, sheep herders and settlers would unite and fight night and day to halt this ravaging menace whenever it started.
Many times a beef was killed, and tying two lariats to opposite legs of the dead animal, two cowboys mounted on two horses would ride along a line of fire dragging the carcass between them over the fires in this manner putting the fire out.  Men on foot would follow with anything available to beat the flame out wherever it re-lit.  This method worked well wherever the grass was short.  Most of the grass was long, so this method was not very often used to an advantage.

Roundups were held in the spring and fall by the stockmen with the branding of young calves, colts or lambs taking place at the spring roundup.  The fall roundup took care of cutting out of beeves, horses and sheep ready for market.  The cheerful yells of the cowboys during these seasons was heard quite commonly, and the bumpety-bump of the chuck wagon also was a familiar sound.

McKinney, the largest town in the community serving all of the surrounding territory, was moved from it original site in the late eighties across the river, about a half mile north to a beautiful site in a large bend in the river.  Here was a natural picnic ground and many picnics were held here just east of the little town.  A wooden plank bridge was built here about 1890 after the visitors to the little town had used the ford a half mile north up to that time.  The stage running to Minot after 1886 continued to use the ford and the rattle of the wheels and horse hooves on the rocks was a familiar sound to Swenson’s whose home was close to the ford.  In the spring when the river rose, the stage would cross the ford and the water would often be over the bottom of the floor.

With the coming of the railroad, the main Soo line, to Kenmare in 1893, most of the staging from McKinney to Minot was brought to a standstill as a stage line was est-ablished from McKinney to Joslin to Kenmare.  This proved to make faster connections than the longer route to Minot.  Tom Lansley established the first stage line to Kenmare from McKinney.  He also acquired the line from McKinney to Burlington about the same time and ran both lines for several years.  He later turned over the line to Burlington to J. A. Juno.

Dakota Territory entered the Union and became a state in 1889.  At this time the commissioners districts were redistricted throughout the county.  In 1891 the leg-islature tried in an act by that body to divide this territory comprising the proposed Renville County, and attach the east fifteen townships to Bottineau County.  Later the state Supreme Court held this act unconstitutional.

The Mouse River Horse and Cattle Company stopped their large scale ranching in 1893-. Much of their stock was shipped and sold.  The stock driven to Kenmare was loaded at that point, comprising the first trainload of stock shipped over the new railroad.

 After 1893 Kenmare grew by leaps and bounds.  After that date McKinney secured all of its provisions and lumber from Kenmare.  With the railroad now only about 16 miles away, McKinney also grew rapidly and became a busy thriving little town, in spite of the fact that it was inland.  By 1903 there were three stores, two hardware stores, two meat markets, a drug store, bank, harness shop, a newspaper, two barber shops, two blacksmith shops, a livery barn, two restaurants, a hotel, two implement houses and six saloons.  The stage stopped at the hotel to unload mail and passengers.  It would then proceed to the livery barn where the horses were put up over night.  In addition to the stores and other business places, dwelling houses were steadily going up and also a church and schoolhouse.  The first cemetery in the county was started at McKinney with an interment as early as 1892.

In 1895 and 1896 the Government surveyed the land and made their headquarters at McKinney and Kenmare.  Many old ranchers and early settlers watched this procedure with interest, little knowing that this was the first step toward spelling the end of their cattle kingdom.

Many Indians were frequent visitors to McKinney as their caravans from Fort Berthold made summer visits to the Turtle Mountains.  Other Indians from Montana often camped here overnight also.  No trouble was ever experienced with them.  In 1890, after one of Rielts Rebellions, a group of Indians wandered into the United States from Canada and, at the request of the U. S. Government, Royal Canadian mounted police and a detachment of Canadian soldiers came down and rounded them up.  Most of them were found in central North Dakota . The soldiers returned to Canada by way of McKinney following the river all the way.  Stopping at McKinney, the officers filed their report with W. E. Grinnell, who at that time was assistant postmaster.  The company remained over night at McKinney, and etched deep in the memory of the residents of the little town and surrounding vicinity was the clear cut bugle call the next morning and the sight of the soldiers with their red coats flashing in sunlight.  They rode away in a two by two file along the trail winding its way beside the river.

Pleasant post office was the next settlement started in the proposed Renville County.

Hans 0. Johnson started a store and post-office there in 1895.  Mail was brought to McKinney by the stage and Mr. Johnson brought the mail from that point twice a week. This post-office was named for its pleasant surroundings in the valley.

1896 brought the start of Barber post-office , which was only a ranchers home along the river where mail was left.  Persons near that point could come there and get their mail rather than travel farther to McKinney or Pleasant.  This post-office was named for the rancher of the same name.

The first school in the county was a private school at the home of N. W. Swenson.  It was started in 1888 for the children in the immediate vicinity.  In 1890 a log building was erected on the Swenson land near McKinney.  This was the first public school in the county.  The pupils were Ida, Anna and John Swenson, Hannah Hanson, Selmer Tufveson, Gordon and Garfield Wilson.  Arthur Colby was the teacher.  Some of them boarded at the Swenson home since the distance was too great for them to walk.  The remainder of the children rode bronchos to and from school.  This school in 1891 was moved to the Barber place, where Barber post-office was later established, and a new school was built at the edge of the town of McKinney.  This school was the last building to be salvaged at the old town by the Government in 1937.  Built from the best lumber and always kept in a very good condition, the old landmark was in very good condition when it was torn down.

In 1898 another school was started on the Ole Persons ranch near Overholt post-office.  There were seven pupils in this school and as in the other schools, board shelves were built along the wall for desks and long benches were used for seats.

 The first church in the county was built near Overholt post-office in 1900 by a group of ranchers and early settlers in that vicinity.  When a regular pastor could not be secured, a layman among the residents of the vicinity generally conducted services.  Whenever church services were held at the little church all the residents in the community would be present; others came many miles to attend services, also.

Many house parties were held up and down the river among the early ranchers and settlers.  The participants would generally dance gayly until morning, provided the musicians wanted to play that long.  Many such parties were held at Swenson’s.  A common visitor with his fiddle to  furnish the music was, Ole Ankerson Sundre.  He played his "fiddle" all over the Mouse River Loop for just such parties.

Nina post-office was another post-office established in the County by Owen Moon.  He started this post-office at his farm in 1901 and named it for his daughter, Nina Moon. Owen B. Moon as he was rightfully christened, drove to Pleasant post-office, ten miles to the west and north, without remuneration.  Often he took back with him only one letter.  Homesteading four and one half miles west of the site of the present town of Sherwood he settled on October 8th, 1901.  Within a year he had established a store , a blacksmith shop and a post-office.  "Dad" Moon was often referred to as the  father  of Sherwood.  The charter for his post-office was signed by President Theodore Roosevelt.  With the coming of the railroad to Sherwood, "Dad" Moon moved his store and blacksmith shop and also his post-office - without official permission- to Sherwood.  There he continued to run the post-office until Mrs. Minnie Alexander was duly appointed postmaster.

In 1899 Lewis post-office sprang up eight miles straight west of McKinney.  A small store also was built there.  A year later a school was built and started the next fall.  This was named after the man on whose farm it was located.  Marinus Peterson was postmaster there for several years.  Mail for this post-office was brought sometimes from Kenmare and sometimes the stage was met on its route from Kenmare to Joslin.  The mail reached Lewis post-office in this manner to be distributed among the settlers when they called for it.

Renville post-office, located 10 miles east of the present site of Mohall, was started in 1900 with a stage hauling mail, express and passengers plying its trade between there and Minot.  Renville post-office soon grew to a small town and two years later had two stores, drug store, blacksmith shops, hotel, harness shop, hardware store, barber shop, law office, livery barn, meat market, a bank and a newspaper office.  It also had a number of residences.  A school was built here in 1903.  The town was named for the French-Indian half-breed named Renville, who had twice visited this part of the country.  He came here from Pembina.

With 1896 the settlers commenced to come in as soon as the Government Survey was completed, and the land was opened for homesteading.  Every year after that the flood of homesteaders and land seekers, businessmen and gamblers steadily increased until all the land available was taken.  Settlers were located on nearly every quarter section of land.  Of those that came in 1896, 1897, 1898 and 1899 and 1909, only a small percentage remained.  Of those that came in 1901 nearly all remained.  The bulk of those that came in that year today make up the most of the agricultural district.

 1901, 1902 and 1903 brought the largest flood of settlers and people from every other walk of life that the Northwest had ever seen.  With the settling up of the country, more inland post-offices were established to conveniently distribute mail to patrons the fastest way possible.  Haase post-office was started by F. W. Haase on his farm twelve miles northeast of the present site of Mohall in 1901.  Dokken post-office was started on the Sherman Hatton farm in 1902.  This was about six miles east of Haase post-office.  Mail for these points was brought from Renville post-office by Ole N. Dokken, which in turn got the mail by the stage which was owned and operated by J.S. Murphy.  It ran to and from Minot.

About this time Glenn post-office was started in SW 1/4 Sec. 21 of what today is Grassland township.  It was just across the river from the present site of the village of Greene.  This post-office was five miles up the river from Overholt post-office.  The stage from McKinney to Burlington brought the mail for this new post-office.  It was four miles down the river from Joslin post-office.  Started on a homesteaders claim at the mouth of a large ravine near the river, it was named Glenn, for the large coulee. The settler was a Scotsman and to him the big coulee was a beautiful glen as they are called in Scotland.

On December 26th, 1901 the town of Mohall was started by M. 0. Hall, a notary public, real estate man, conveyancer and publisher.  He built one building which housed his newspaper, ‘The Hall News’ and a general store; though not large, it housed many necessities needed by the settlers.  The building was constructed with a small hall upstairs which at first had to be used for living quarters for Mr. Hall, the printer, Mrs. Hall, a bride of two weeks, and the printers Mother.

On February 22, 1902 M. 0. Hall was appointed postmaster and the name of the town was changed from Hall to Mohall.  Another North Dakota town by the name of Hall conflicted with the old Mohall name.  Up to February 22nd all mail to Hall was sent in care of Joslin and picked up in Joslin by some homesteader in the vicinity of Hall.

Early in 1900 Tom Lansley and J. A. Juno, noted stage drivers of McKinney, traded stage lines with Lansley  evidently getting the better of the deal.  Had he known that late the next year the village of Mohall was to start and develop into a thriving city, he most likely would not have traded.

So it was J. A. Juno who brought the first stage to Mohall soon after the post-office was established. In a short time he was running it on a daily schedule with a stage leaving each end of the line each morning.  Juno drove one stage and William Bakeman drove the other.  Leaving Mohall at 8 a.m., the westbound stage arrived at Kenmare at 5 p.m. The eastbound stage left Kenmare at 7:30 a.m. and arrived at Mohall at 4:30 p.m. The line ran by way of both McKinney and Joslin.  It carried passengers, mail and later money from banks in Kenmare to banks in Mohall.  Both stages met and stopped at Joslin for dinner.  Horses were also changed at that place.  In winter time these drivers really experienced some hard times.  Among the worst was the September blizzard of 1902 - on the 13th of that month.

Only wagon trails served as roads, and heavy snows made these about impossible.  The stage had to go through - and through it did go with four horses used on many occasions to draw the conveyance.  One of Mr. Juno’s famous drivers was an ex-cowboy named Bud Hastings, noted for his horsemanship and for generally bringing the stage in ahead of schedule.

Mohall grew rapidly and within the next few months had developed into a busy town.  J. H. Juno’s livery barn was the second building to go up in the new town and various other business buildings sprang up in a hurry.

 During 1901 Hammerfest post-office was established in what is today the SE4 of Section 33 of Hamerly township.  This was about eleven miles northwest of the present site of Mohall and about six miles northeast of McKinney.  This was located on the J.P. Larson farm and mail put out from this post-office was supplied semi-weekly from McKinney, and brought by team by the Hammerfest postmaster.

In 1902 Winifred and Whitney post-offices were started by homesteaders about ten miles and fifteen miles northwest of Mohall respectively; the former located on the southeast quarter of section 19 of what is today Hurley township, and the latter located on the southwest quarter of section 4 of present Hamerly township.  For a little over two years these two post-offices got their mail by way of Hammerfest post-office through McKinney twice a week.  On July 14th 1904, star route service was established from Mohall to Winifred, Whitney and Nina.  At this time, Whitney post-office was moved to section 30 of what is today Eden Valley township, or four miles east and two miles north of its original location.  J. A. Juno of Mohall was the carrier and made the trip six times a week - a distance of 22 miles to Nina post-office one way- and he received $622.44 a year, or $51.87 a month.  Nina post-office was discontinued that fall when Sherwood was started and the star route ran then only as far as Whitney and continued to do this until patrons of both post-offices were taken by rural routes from Mohall and Sherwood which were est-ablished during the next two years.

Prosperity post-office was started in 1902 on the SE ¼ Sec. 12 of what is today Prosperity Township.  Mail for this office was received at Pleasant, which received it twice a week from McKinney, as did Barber post-office.  This post-office was later replaced by a rural route from Sherwood.

1904 brought the extension of the Great Northern Railway from Mohall to Sherwood and Owen (Dad) Moon moved his little village of Nina post-office and all to Sherwood.

The first original survey of the railroad was made and completed August 28,1902.

Started at Granville, it passed through Mohall in a northwesterly direction to stop at the east edge of the Mouse River Valley two miles east and one half mile north of Pleasant post-office in Sec. 20 of what is today Prosperity Township.  The railroad came to Mohall the next year and a Y was built here indicating the temporary end of the line.  The following year, 1904, the original plans were changed and the road bed was laid to Sherwood, which was barely started when the railroad arrived.

With the thought in mind that heavy snows would block the new railroad P. J. Murphy established a stage line from Mohall to Minot.  This was done December 10, 1903 and was operated throughout the winter, which proved to be a winter with lots of snow.  When spring came, the stage was abandoned.  Throughout the winter the train was run on a three day a week schedule so the stage got in some business it would not have gotten had a daily schedule been in order.  This schedule was also followed throughout most of the next summer with the train running on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays.  The fall of 1904 arrived with a heavy express and passenger service so this rule was abolished.

 Soon after the start of Mohall and Sherwood the topic of county organization became the main issue of the day.  Many meetings were held throughout the proposed county as everyone wanted their independence from Imperial Ward.  Committees were organized and delegations were sent to Minot and Bismarck but no action seemed to be forthcoming.  While the various committees were working on County organization., George R. Whitford of Mohall, a general merchant was doing a very good business and had to have larger quarters so he decided to build a store.  Little did he know that when he started work on his new store he was building a building that would later serve as a courthouse for about 27 years.  Construction on the building was started July 28th, 1904 with Edwin B. Loucks as architect and John Walstead as contractor.  The concrete work was done by the Kahabka brother and the lumber and other materials used in the building were purchased from the M. G. Ripley and Company lumber yard.  The building, 24 ft. by 80 ft., was constructed with an  18 by 40 ft. cellar, this excavation also being made by the Kahabka brothers.  The building had a flat roof with a slight pitch.  The roof was finished off with a rubberoid material, and the cost of the building was $3,000.00. The building was completed and occupied by November 1st of that year.  The store building which Mr. Whitford vacated was turned into a hall and opera house and much entertainment as held there during the next few years.

Not to be outdone by its new rival to the East, McKinney on November 5th 1903, became the proud owner of a flour mill built by W. J. Paff.  This was the only flour mill northwest of Minot and it was a very busy mill for several years as Mr. Paff proved to be a very good miller.  This new asset also proved a big help to the other business places in town.  The following year, 1904, by September 22nd, Mr. Paff had his mill dam completed, and could use water power as long as the river was high enough . Steam had been his only power up to this time.  During the fall of the year, when the farmers laid in their winter supply of flour, it was a common occurrence for the mill to be open night and day. Teams were lined up all day waiting their turn.  The mill burned to the ground May 10th, 1906, but undaunted, Mr. Paff rebuilt it and had it grinding flour again by Christmas of the same year.

On October 27th, 1904, Haase post-office was moved to the E. 0. Smith with Mr. Smith resuming Mr. Haasels duties as postmaster.  Mr. Haase resigned and moved to Iowa.

The following year on June 22nd, 1905 a star route was established from Mohall to Dokken post-office by way of Haase with Glen M. Dokken as the stage driver.  He made a distance of 21 miles one way, six days a week.

With the coming of the Soo Line, or Wheat Line as it became known, to Tolley in the fall of 1905, several business houses in McKinney moved their buildings, businesses and all to Tolley.  Eventually it was Tolley and the coming of the railroad to that town which finally caused McKinney to fade.  Joslin post-office was moved to Tolley on July 20, 1905 with Henry Ludtke still postmaster.  This was three months before the railroad arrived.  Joslin, only four miles east and one half mile south, soon ceased to exist.  After the rails came to Tolley and the post-office was moved it was only a few months till the store and blacksmith shop were also moved.  The other small business buildings were moved within the next year and by the next fall the historic little village had practically been abandoned.

 The stage discontinued its service to Kenmare and ran only as far as Joslin by way of McKinney after the railroad came to Tolley and Kenmare from the east.  This was continued only until the first of May 1906 and then the stage set up a daily schedule from Mohall to Tolley via McKinney and Joslin, lengthening its line from Joslin to Tolley.  This ran only through the summer months and was abandoned October 1st, 1906, thus marking the end of the famous stage line which traveled many a mile through the Mouse River Valley.

Just as Joslin was moved to Tolley, so was Overholt post-office moved to Grano August 17th, 1905 fully a month before the rails arrived in that new town.  John Cleven was appointed postmaster and another historic state village became a memory.

Tolley received its name from the man for whom it was named, E. C. Tolley; he founded the town and the Townsite was purchased from him.  He was a real estate man in Kenmare, and after the inception of Tolley also had an office in that town.

Grano was named by Charles Lano, postmaster at Mohall, who was asked by the Townsite committee of the new town to select a name.  R.H. Grace, another close friend and member of the committee, suggested the name be left to Mr. Lano.  Trying to do justice to himself and Mr. Grace, his good friend, he racked his brain for a suitable name.  One morning while eating breakfast he spied a new cereal in a package on a shelf entitled Grain-o.  He had an idea - with his quick wit and a little manipulation he made out the word Grano - doing justice to his good friend by using the first three letters of his surname and also to himself by using the last three letters of his own surname.  So Grano it was.

On August 1st, 1906 another pioneer village started to become a memory when rural route No. 2 was established east to Renville post-office from Mohall. This brought the discontinuance of that inland post-office.  After that date all mail was directed to Mohall for that post-office.  Rural routes Numbers 3 and 4 were soon to follow out of Mohall.  They were established November 16th, 1906 with number 3 running southwest and number 4 running northwest.  This brought the discontinuation of Hannerfest post-office in Hamerly township and also Glenn post-office in Grassland township.

Some excitement was caused that fall when on October 25th, 1906 the Great Northern Railway purchased the Townsite of McKinney from Peter Burleson for $10,000.00. A survey crew surveyed a route from Antler to McKinney and on to Kenmare.  A preliminary survey from Mohall was also made from the end of the old Y to McKinney.  For a time it seemed as though the road from Antler to Kenmare may be realized as stakes were driven, but nothing ever developed from this venture.

On April 11,1907 the Dokken post-office, which was in reality the Sherman Hatton farm home, burned. It was then transferred to the Dokken home and continued as a -post-office by the man for whom it was named.  It seemed a bad year for pioneer post-offices, for on October 24, 1907 Haase post-office burned and was never re-established.  Dokken post-office took over what patronage the rural routes did not.

On August 1st, 1907 Loraine station was granted about half way between Mohall and Sherwood.  The depot was in a boxcar for the next two years.  On November 4th, 1909 Loraine received a depot by rail, shipped from an abandoned station.  Loraine grew rapidly as it was a good grain center and many car loads of grain were shipped from this point the first year of its existence.  The name came from a suggestion by S. H. Sleeper of Mohall for whom Sherwood was named; Sherwood, being his first name.  With the suggestion in mind and ideas of their own, the railroad company finally took the name suggested by S. H. Sleeper.

 Rural route No. 5 was established on April 1st, 1909 and this route ran northeast of Mohall, eliminating the old stage and mail line to Dokken post-office.  This removed the last stage running from Mohall and brought to an end a business which had meant so much to the developing of this northwest country as it had in all frontiers.

After the abandonment of the stage from Mohall to Tolley in 1906 mail was carried by a star route from Tolley to Pleasant by way of McKinney and Barber post-offices, a distance of seventeen miles or thirty four miles round trip.  Mail was carried by George Fitch of Tolley for many years over this route.

While all this was going on the county organization was becoming more and more tense.  Foremost among the workers from the proposed Renville County was H.H. Steel of Mohall, who worked incessantly for county independence.  Action was finally brought up to the State Supreme Court in 1908 with the proposed counties of Burke and Mountrail also clamoring for independence, as also was another county, Lake, which was proposed by Kenmare sponsors who wanted that city for a county seat of some county.  They were not particular about which county it was.

On November 19,1908 the State Supreme Court ruled in favor of Mountrail County, but ruled against Renville, Burke and Lake Counties.  This setback did not stop Renville residents fight for county independence, but on the contrary they came back stronger than ever.

With such a good fight on hand and the possibility of realization of county -independence and a possible county seat fight pending, M. O.  Hall, founder of Mohall, and erstwhile soldier of fortune, returned to Renville County in the spring of 1909.  He started the conversation of a new town on the river where the Soo Line railway crossed on its way to Tolley, Kenmare and Norma.  Norma was a small town about half way between Kenmare and Tolley, founded in 1905, and supposedly named by Ambrose Olson, Townsite agent, for his sister, Norma.  This town’s like all other small towns of the early 1900's sprang up in a hurry and was a very busy little town with a large territory - especially to the north.  Early settlers in the community included the Dahl Brothers, John McEwen, John Nelson, Louis Johnson, Paul Peterson, John Oberg, Fred Tunnell and many others, with many of these settlers coming in the late 19O0's.

Glenburn was another town in the southeast part of the county; founded in 1903 when the Great Northern laid its track from Granville to Mohall.  First named Lincoln for Abraham Lincoln, it was later changed to Glenburn, brought about by a boy riding a bicycle.  A bystander remarked  ‘look at Glen burn up the road’. Early settlers in the community were A. Aitken, C.C. Healy, W. Healy, J.J. Winderl, J.H. Hoke, O.C. Clapper, Harry Gidley, J.A. Carroll, W.W. Sharp, J.F. Sharp and Dr. K.O. Knudson and many others.

 M.O. Hall lost no time in starting the town of Greene named for Thomas Greene, an engineer of the Soo Line Railway.  Living in a tent in the beautiful valley through-out the summer, Hall advertised his new town in every newspaper in the county.  A  rural route from Tolley ran west of Greene and here Mr. Hall received his mail.  The Townsite was located on a sort of plateau just above the old ford in the river where the stage on its route from Overholt to Joslin crossed the river on its journey with mail, passengers and express.  The ford was also used by all early ranchers and settlers as this was the main trail to towns where provisions could be secured.  The Canadian detachment of soldiers and police also crossed this ford in 1890 on their return trip to Canada.

M.O. Hall held his lot sale at Greene August 17th, 1909 and several buildings were then already under construction, including the large building built by M. 0. Hall.  The building was built with the intentions of some day being a court house as Mr. Hall planned on going after the county seat in earnest if county independence was secured.

The building was constructed of Denbigh pressed brick with a full basement.  Two stories high, 56 ft. by 80 ft. it was built at an approximate cost of $17,0004.00. Much of the carpenter work on the building was done by Henry Ludtke former post master at Joslin and later at Tolley.  The large building was completed by September 20, 1909 and on that date the Farmers State Bank of Greene, with M.O.Hall president, J. B. Meyers vice president and Hans M. Rosevold cashier, opened its doors for business.  Besides the bank the building also housed a hardware store, barber shop, general store, billiard parlor and a restaurant . These were all on the first floor, while the main part of the second floor was a dance hall and opera house.  Several extra rooms were to be used as offices when Greene became county seat.  J. P. Neist, Hamerly a merchant of Mohall, occupied the general store in the Hall building, but Peter Bertleson of McKinney had erected his building and his general store was already doing business before the Hall building was completed.

During the fall of 1909 and the next winter, elevators, two of them, were built and also a school house and blacksmith shop.  A lumber yard and implement house followed shortly after that.  A nice depot was built during the fall and stock yards were built with loading chutes.

Peter Bertleson was one of the leading boosters for the new town, and with the start of his new store in Greene he had accumulated four stores at Greene, McKinney, Kenmare and Edson.  Edson was an inland post-office started in 1907 in the southern part of what is today Stafford Township.  Mail was hauled there from Norma by a star and rural route.  The little village was and still is located only one mile east of the county line, and served quite a large territory with a general store, post-office, blacksmith shop, church, school and a large hall for a country community.

Greene, had one of the prettiest locations of any town, excepting McKinney, in the county.  The little village was also fortunate in having a very good water supply with a large fresh-water spring.  Several large groves along the river afforded wonderful picnic grounds and there was then a large amount of fish in the river.  The place was ideal for a summer resort or for recreational purposes.

Throughout the winter of 1909-1910 and the spring of 1910 the county organization situation became worse and more tense.  Finally on May lst, 1910, the State Supreme Court ruled in favor of Burke and Renville Counties and almost at one the race for the county seat was on with Mohall, Sherwood and Greene the leading contenders.

On July 20, 1910 Governor Burke appointed County Commissioners R. D. Johnson of Mohall, D. M. Gillespie of Glenburn and Ben Harvey of Sherwood.  July 22nd the commissioners met at the community hall at Mohall and R. D. Johnson was elected chairman.  Peter Carlson of Tolley was appointed Auditor, Thomas F. Clifford of Mohall State’s Attorney.  They adjourned till July 27th when they appointed A.C. Dayton of Glenburn as sheriff, Frank C. Baska of Sherwood treasurer, E. E. Joslin of Grano Register of Deeds, Hans 0. Johnson of Pleasant clerk of court and Percy Crewe of Sherwood, Judge.  On July 29th they again met and appointed J.A. Cull of Sherwood Superintendent of Schools.  Hans 0. Johnson declined to accept clerk of court so J. D. Taylor of Pleasant was appointed. The old Whitford building was rented by the Board of Commissioners to be used as a temporary courthouse until the county seat was decided.

The commissioners met again on August 14th and at this time divided the county into three commissioner district numbered one, two and three with eight north townships and nine townships and seven townships comprising the districts respectively.

On August 18th the Grano Tribune, Sherwood Tribune and Tolley Journal were appointed official county papers.  On August 19th bids were let to F. Johnson of Tolley and Christian Thoreson of Mohall to furnish the temporary courthouse with furniture including chairs and desks.

As a bait in the county seat fight to enlist aid, a contract of lease was drawn up on October 28th, 1910 by and between S. H. Sleeper, H. H. Steele and Nels Iverson as trustees and the County of Renville to lease the old Whitford building and premises on which it stood to the county for ninety nine years for the consideration of one dollar, and the building was to be used exclusively as a court house, The lease was accepted by the Commissioners after the election.

Campaign committees were organized and the battle waxed hotly.  When election was over and the votes were counted Mohall had 619 votes Sherwood 424, Greene 379, Tolley 282 and McKinney 122, so Mohall was county seat.  A big victory celebration was held in Mohall on November 22nd .

The first county general election was held in Mohall November 5th 1912 and several of the appointed officers lost out.  Those elected were S.A. Wilcox, Sheriff, William Belideau, Treasurer, Peter Carlson, Auditor, J. D. Taylor, Clerk of Court, Thomas Clifford States Attorney, Percy Crewe County Judge, Walter Martine, Register of Deeds and M. Sheridan, Superintendent of School.  John M. Sauer replaced D. M. Gillespie as commissioner in district number three.

On August 4th, 1910 a contract was awarded to John F. Walstead to repair the old Whitford building and he completely remodeled the building.  He put in all necessary offices so it could be used as a temporary courthouse.  Later after Mohall secured the county seat, two vaults were built, one on the second floor for the Auditor and treasurer and sheriff and one on the first floor for the judge and clerk of court.  Offices on the first floor included the Judge, clerk of court, register of deeds, the courtroom, jail and the boiler room.  On the second floor were the offices of the treasurer, auditor, sheriff, superintendent of schools and commissioners rooms.  The States Attorney had a private office down town in his regular law office and later in a building on the west side of the courthouse.  It had been built for a harness shop by W. H. Budewits in 1907 and later became the property of the county through delinquent taxes.

 This building served as courthouse until June 18th, 1937 when the new memorial courthouse took over the duties of the old building.  Work on the new courthouse was started in July of 1936 with I. E. Orheim of Minot as the contractor and E. W. Molander of Minot as the architect.  The completed building represents an  investment of $117,800.00. It was made possible by a grant of $51,650.00 from the Public Works Administration and $30,000.00 from the Soldier's Memorial levy.  The new courthouse is situated on the northwest corner of Main Street and Fifth Avenue, faces south and is L-shaped in plan.  The short arm of the L is one story high and houses the jail.  The long arm is two stories in height and is divided into three wings.  The walls of the east and west wings are of malt faced brick, lined with tile furring.  The center wing is slightly higher due to the high courtroom ceiling.  The walls are faced with Kettle River sandstones which was also used for the base course, sills and coping.

Bronze entrance doors in the center of the south facade lead through a vestibule to the first floor corridor.  The community room is to the north of this corridor in the center wing, and the imposing court room is located in the center wing to the south of a corridor on the second floor.  County offices housing the Judge, Superintendent of Schools and the Federal Feed and Seed Loan Office are on the second floor in the east wing.  Similar offices of County Welfare Board.. Federal FSA, Children’s welfare and WPA sewing room are on the second floor in the west wing.  The offices of the Sheriff and Register of Deeds are on the first floor in the west wing; the Treasurer’s and Auditor’s offices are on the first floor in the east wing.  The State’s Attorney’s office is on the west side of the main entrance and the Commissioner's Room is on the east side of the main entrance.

The basement of the east wing is devoted to the American Legion rooms and the west wing to the boilers coal, store room and Federal Commodity room.  The memorial entourage in front of the building consists of a forty foot metal flag pole, eight foot diameter granite base with carved inscription surrounded by   circular steps, which are stopped by stepped up granite abutments.  On these pieces are engraved the names of the men of Renville County who gave their lives in World War I.

The first floor of the old courthouse building today houses the Mohall Creamery where Mohall Maid butter is made.  The second floor has been completely remodeled and is divided into several nice apartments.  The old vault on the first floor had been turned into a cold storage locker and contains a number of lockers which are rented to individuals for $10.00 a year.  A large amount of modern equipment has been installed and the creamery employs a force of three men besides the managers Mr. Johansen and Mrs. Johansen.  An ice cream store is operated in the front of the building and a girl is hired during the summer months to run this.

The large steam boiler, besides heating the complete building, also heats two large modern homes located on the remainder of the block behind the Creamery.  Water -consumed by the Creamery boiler is pumped from a large well just southwest of the building.  This was developed about a year ago when there was a consistent shortage of the supply of city water.

The old building formerly occupied by the States Attorney is today used as a store-room for Surplus Commodities and this building is still the property of the County.

 The historic town of McKinney is now only a memory.  The post-office was discontinued on August 15th, 1916. The old mill changed hands many times and finally became the possession of Frank Leavitt about 1918.  He continued to run it until 1928 when business became so poor he closed it up.  In 1934 he started to move the huge structure to Tolley.  After moving it only a short distance, about a quarter of a mile south of its original location, he ran out of money and abandoned it.  When the Government purchased the entire valley up to two miles north of the Mouse River Park in 1935, all buildings were removed or torn down by CCC boys.  William Clifford of Mohall purchased the mill by debts against it and tore it down, using the lumber for the construction of several modern houses in Mohall.  Some of the machinery was salvaged, but most of it was sold for scrap iron.

Most of the historic and picturesque Mouse River Valley was purchased in 1935 by the Bureau of Biological Survey for a wild life refuge.  Land was purchased up to two miles north of Mouse River Park or four miles north of the site of historic old McKinney and where State Highway No.5 crosses the river.  The valley was bought in Renville County as far south as the County line.. and additional land was purchased south of there in Ward County.  The large dam was constructed at the county line in 1935 and 1936, backing the waters up and forming a large lake, named Lake Darling.  The name undoubtedly came from "Ding Darling", nationally known preserver and observer of wild life.  A large number of ducks, geese and other water birds arrive here now in spring and fall with many of them nesting here.

All of the buildings in the valley were purchased with the land and as much lumber was salvaged as possible and much of this was used for the construction of buildings at the temporary camp of CCC’s at Mohall and also at other camps throughout North Dakota and Montana.  The entire valley and all adjoining land purchased by the government was fenced with steel posts and four wires.  Two graded roads, later graveled, were constructed; one on either side the entire length of the purchased valley.  These were to be used as observation routes by the Refuge manager.

A four foot dam was built two miles south of McKinney the entire width of the valley.  This helps to control the flood water in the spring of the year so not too much water reaches the big dam at one time.  All of this work was done by CCC boys.  Trees were cut wherever they were below the flood water line so all trees were cut up to about a mile north of Greene and many of them all along the river banks and in low places up to the end of the Refuge north of the Park.  Many of these trees were used to build snow fences and other things, such as pheasant shelters and sheds, fish runs and duck nests along the river.

The McKinney cemetery was not purchased but was fenced out to be available to the public.  The log cabin first built by Nels P. Swenson was reconstructed and moved to a place alongside the gate to the cemetery.  It was to be preserved as a memory of the colorful days of early life in the Mouse River Valley of the ranchers and settlers, stage drivers and cowboys who contributed so much to the early settling and development of this northwest country.

State Highway Number 5 was built in 1928 and graveled the next year.  State Highway Number 28 was built in 1933 and the north half running north to Sherwood was built in 1929 and graveled the following year.  The part running south from Number 5 has never been graveled.

The Mouse River Park started as an amusement park in 1912.  It is the recreational center of the county.  C. H. Parker's C.P. ranch, formerly the Stammen ranch, is the scene of many visitors as one of the few surviving buffalo ranches in the northwest.  Mr. Parker has maintained a herd of about 50 buffalo here for several years.  When the Government bought up the valley some of the ranch was also purchased.  With a smaller pasture add less hayland, Mr. Parker has moved part of the herd to another ranch he has near Williston.

 When the valley was bought by the Government it meant moving out all the old ranchers and early settlers. Consequently very few of them are left to date, William Harkness, who came in 1885, is the only old time rancher still living in the Mouse River Valley.  Gust Johann who came to the valley in 1887 lives in Mohall with his son-in-law and daughter.  Both Mr. and Mrs. Johnson are fairly well but have retired from active work.  William Harkness is on the original Harkness ranch.  He will be 75 years old next March, but still sits in his saddle about as straight as ever and does considerable riding every day.  He has active duties about the ranch, which he runs with his son, Aubrey.

Henry Ludtke, original Joslin postmaster, lives in Tolley and still earns his living at his trade of carpenter work.

Ed Swenson lives with his brother-in-law on the edge of the valley one mile west and one half mile north of the site of old McKinney.  Frank Swenson, who came to the valley it 1885, lives southeast of Minot.  George Schofield, though not one of the early settlers, lives in Mohall and tells interesting stories of these colorful days of pioneering in Dakota Territory.  He came to the territory in 1883 and to Minot in 1887.

J.Dighton Taylor, county judge, is the oldest county officer in point of service in the courthouse today.  He started as clerk of court in 1910.

The present County officers consist of County Commissioners T. P. Parke, Chairman, Judd Peteman and L. P. McClung, Sheriff, Donald Fosters, County Auditor W. A. Coutts, Alta Hamerly, Register of Deeds. Tena Kohrman, County Treasurer, Mathilda Smith Superintendent of Schools, P. M. Clark States Attorney, J. D. Taylor County Judge.  Mathilda Smith,County Superintendent and L.P.McClung, Commissioner were recently defeated for re-election by Floyd Peterson and J. Oscar Johnson, respectively.

Mohall now has a continuous paved road to Minot which was put in during the summer of 1939.  The main street in Mohall was paved in 1934.  This constitutes all the pavement in Renville County.  The well kept graveled county and state roads are a far cry from the deep rutted trails used by the stagecoach, which came to blaze the trails here and there through this vast northwest.  The Northwest was the home off the buffalo and the land of the Indian.
 
  (This history has been compiled over a period of time.  It appears to have been concluded during the Fall of 1940.)

HISTORY OF NORTH DAKOTA

The following chronology was compiled for the North Dakota Blue Book by
Curt Eriksmoen, 1989 North Dakota Blue Book editor, Secretary of State's office, and Larry Remele, State Historical Society of North Dakota.

The chronology ends at 1988, the eve of North Dakota's Centennial of Statehood.

ca. 9,500 B.C.

Paleo-Indian peoples initially occupied the Northern Plains, hunting mammoths, giant bison, and other mega-fauna. Mining of Knife River Flint, North Dakota's first export commodity, began in Dunn and Mercer Counties.

ca. 5,500 B.C.

Archaic peoples based their lifeways on hunting and gathering of essentially modern fauna since the previous era's mega-fauna were now extinct. The atlatl, a dart throwing device which drastically increased the range, effectiveness, and safety of hunting, came into use.

ca. 700 B.C.

Ceramics were first used in North Dakota for cooking and food storage.

ca. 550-410 B.C.

Early Woodland peoples living along the James River in Southeastern North Dakota built a log and brush house. Charred grape chenopod (Goosefoot), and Marshelder seeds were found together in the house remains when they were excavated in A. D. 1985.

ca. 100 B.C.

Middle Woodland peoples began building burial mounds in North Dakota, including complex ceremonial centers. The bow and arrow were introduced during this period.

ca. A.D. 30

Jamestown mounds, a complex burial and ceremonial site, were occupied.

ca. A.D. 900

Late Woodland peoples used the bow and arrow extensively, produced ceramics resembling the later Plains Village wares, and gardened intensively.

ca. A.D. 950

Plains Village peoples raised corn and other crops in sufficient quantities to store seed and trade for other goods. Seasonally occupied, permanent villages of earthlodges were built.

ca. A.D. 1200

Jamestown mounds site was abandoned.

ca. A.D. 1200-1400

A drought reduced agricultural production and fewer living sites were established on the open prairies. Plains Village peoples abandoned the lower James River area by A.D. 1300.

ca. A.D. 1600

The Cheyenne, living in earthlodges, occupied the Sheyenne River valley; the Hidatsa moved west from Devils Lake to the Missouri; the Sioux moved onto the plains from the woodlands of Minnesota.

1610

Henry Hudson claimed the Hudson Bay watershed, which included much of eastern North Dakota for England.

1682

LaSalle claimed the entire Mississippi River drainage which included the Missouri River drainage in North Dakota, for France.

1738

La Verendrye, a French explorer, visited Mandan villages near the Missouri River. This is the first known Euro-American expedition into what is now North Dakota.

1742

The sons of La Verendrye returned to the Missouri River as part of an expedition in search of a western sea. Subsequent explorers to visit this region included Jonathan Carver (1768) and David Thompson (1797), among others.

1762

Spain received from France land claimed by LaSalle.

1763

Treaty of Paris granted to England part of the state drained by the Mouse and the Red Rivers.

1781

The first known business enterprise, a fur trading post, was briefly established near the Souris River, but was soon abandoned as a result of pressure from unfriendly Indians.

1792

Jacques D'Englise (Santiago Leglise) opened trade between Mandan villages and Spanish interests from St. Louis.

1794

René Jusseaume built a Fur Post near the Knife River.

1796

John Evans from St. Louis ascended the Missouri River to the Mandan villages near the Knife River.

1797

Chaboillez, a French trader, opened a post at Pembina, and David Thompson, an English explorer, mapped the northern part of the state.

1800

Alexander Henry Jr. established a fur post at Park River. Henry moved his establishment to Pembina in 1801, and it became the nucleus for the first white settlement in what is now North Dakota. By this date, fur traders from Canada were frequent visitors to this region and a trade route had been established between posts near Lake Winnipeg and the Missouri River Indian villages.

1801

John Cameron built a trading post at the current site of Grand Forks.

1802

On March 12, the first non-Indian child was born in what is now North Dakota to Pierre Bonza and his wife, Black slaves of Alexander Henry, Jr.

1803

On November 20, Spain returned the Missouri River watershed to France. The Louisiana Purchase transferred the area of North Dakota drained by the Missouri River from France to the United States on December 30.

1804 & 1806

An expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark entered North Dakota and wintered near the present town of Washburn on its way to the Pacific Coast. This temporary post, Fort Mandan, was frequently visited by nearby Indians.

1806

The Lewis and Clark Expedition returned down the river on its way back to St. Louis. Their journey marked the first major American penetration of the area and was characterized by amicable relationships with native inhabitants.

1809

Fur Company entrepreneur Manuel Lisa of St. Louis led the first formal American business reconnaissance along the Missouri River in search of sites for trading posts. On December 29, the first white child was born in present-day North Dakota to fur post employees at Pembina.

1811

Scientific exploration of the Northern plains initiated by Lewis and Clark continued. Botanists John Bradbury and Thomas Nuttel surveyed the region during their journey to Oregon. Later expeditions included Prince Maximillian of Wied and artist George Catlin (1832-34) and naturalist John J. Audubon (1843) among many others.

1812

An agricultural colony was established near Pembina by settlers from Canada under the authority of a royal grant to Lord Selkirk. The ill-fated attempt failed after internal feuding, boundary changes, and grasshoppers destroyed the crops in 1820. Part of what is now North Dakota became part of the Missouri Territory.

1818

All of North Dakota became part of the Missouri Territory. Fathers Dumoulin and Provencher established a Roman Catholic mission at Pembina; the first school, taught by William Edge, operated in connection with this mission. The 49th parallel was agreed to as the boundary between the U.S. and Great Britain in a treaty whereby the United States acquired possession of the upper Red River drainage.

1822

Fur Trading posts were established in the Missouri Valley.

1823

An expedition led by Stephen J. Long fixed the boundary between the United States and Canada at a point north of Pembina. A second military expedition, led by Henry Leavenworth, attempted to make treaties with the Arikara and other tribes. Later expeditions included Atkinson-O'Fallon (1825), Fremont-Nicollet (1839), and the Stevens Survey (1853).

1829

Fort Union fur trading post was established.

1831

Fort Clark fur trading post was established.

1832

The Yellowstone, the first steamboat on the upper Missouri, reached Fort Union.

1834

Land east of the Missouri River became part of the Territory of Michigan.

1836

Land east of the Missouri River became part of the Territory of Wisconsin.

1837

A smallpox epidemic virtually annihilated the Mandan Indians near Fort Clark.

1838

Land east of the Missouri River became part of the Territory of Iowa.

1839

John C. Fremont and Jean Nicollet explored the east-central part of the state.

1842

The first Red River ox-cart caravan traversed trails between St. Joseph (Walhalla) and St. Paul, inaugurating a major commerce that continued for over 25 years. Major fur posts in this area were operated by Joseph Rolette (1842), Norman Kittson (1843), and Antoine Gingras (1843).

1845

Fort Berthold fur trading post was established.

1848

Father George Anthony Belcourt opened mission fields at Pembina, St. Joseph, and in the Turtle Mountains. Reverend Alonzo Barnard and James Tanner conducted the first Protestant services in the area at Pembina.

1849

Land east of the Missouri River became part of the Minnesota Territory.

1851

The first post office was established in what is now North Dakota at Pembina with Norman Kittson as Postmaster. A permanent agricultural settlement was established at Pembina under the leadership of Charles Cavileer and the first flour mill was established at St. Joseph by Father Belcourt.

1853

Issac I. Stevens crossed the state surveying the "Northern Route" for the proposed transcontinental railroad.

1854

Land east of the Missouri River became part of the Nebraska Territory.

1858

Land east of the Missouri River was left without territorial government when Minnesota became a state. Military occupation of North Dakota began with the establishment of Fort Abercrombie on the Red River and the present-day town of Abercrombie; the fort was abandoned in 1877.

1859

The Anson Northrup, first steamboat on the Red River, traveled from Fort Abercrombie to Winnipeg.

1860

Regular steamboat service on the Missouri River began.

1861

Dakota Territory was officially organized by the Federal government and William Jayne was appointed the first governor by President Abraham Lincoln.

1862

The First Territorial Legislature for Dakota Territory met at Yankton and Fort Abercrombie was besieged by Sioux during the Minnesota Uprising.

1863

Dakota Territory was opened for homesteading. Campaigns intended to punish Santee Sioux who participated in the Minnesota Uprising pushed through northern Dakota and were led by General Henry H. Sibley and General Alfred H. Sully. On September 3, Sully's forces attacked a peaceful hunting camp of Yanktonai Sioux at Whitestone Hill; this was the last major battle of the Indian Wars period to be fought east of the Missouri.

1864

The first newspaper to be published in northern Dakota, The Frontier Scout, was issued at Fort Union. An immigrant party led by James Fiske was besieged near present-day Marmarth for two weeks; members of the party constructed sod breastworks now known as Fort Dilts. A second military expedition led by Sully battled Sioux at Killdeer Mountain and in the Badlands. Military troops began temporary occupation of Fort Union (1864-65) and Fort Berthold (1864-67) pending establishment of new forts. The military post of Fort Rice (1864-78) was established.

1866

The military post of Fort Buford (1866-95) was established.

1867

The Fort Totten Indian Reservation was established and Sisseton and Wahpeton Sioux ceded lands to the U.S. government by treaty. The military posts of Fort Ransom (1867-72), Fort Totten (1867-90), and Fort Stevenson (1867-83) were established.

1868

A major peace council was held at Fort Rice; this led to the Laramie Treaty which defined Sioux lands as those west of the Missouri River in Dakota Territory. The first homestead entry in northern Dakota was made by Joseph Rolette in the northern Red River Valley.

1870

The Fort Berthold Indian Reservation was established and treaties between the Sioux and Chippewa and the U.S. government ceded most of present-day eastern North Dakota to the Federal government. The military post of Fort Pembina (1870-95) was established.

1872

The Northern Pacific Railway was built from the Red River to Jamestown; the NPRR reached Bismarck in 1873, but did not complete its main line to the Montana border until 1881. The first commercial telegraph line was extended from Fargo to Winnipeg and the military posts of Fort Abraham Lincoln (1872-91), Camp Hancock (1872-77), and Fort Seward (1872-77) were established.

1873

On July 11, Colonel Clement A. Lounsberry published the first issue of the Bismarck Tribune, now North Dakota's oldest newspaper. The first commercial lignite mine opened at Sims, but failed.

1874

A U.S. Weather Bureau station was established at Camp Hancock at Bismarck and The Fargo Express, first newspaper in the Red River Valley, began publication. A major reconnaissance from Fort Abraham Lincoln, led by Col. George A. Custer, explored the Black Hills and verified the existence of gold in that region. The military post of Fort Yates (1874-1903) was established.

1875

Bonanza farms were established in the Red River Valley. White settlement was permitted by the U.S. War Department on Indian lands reserved by the Laramie treaty, precipitating a major Indian uprising on the plains.

1876

The Seventh Cavalry, led by Col. George A. Custer, joined the Sioux Expedition of 1876. Leaving Fort Abraham Lincoln on May 17, Custer met decisive defeat at the Little Big Horn River in Montana on June 25.

1877

The first Bismarck to Deadwood stage left Bismarck and the first telephones in northern Dakota connected locations on the Grandin bonanza farm near Grandin.

1878

Ranching was introduced in western Dakota Territory.

1879

The Great Dakota land boom began and the military post at Cantonment Badlands (1879-83) was established. The St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba Railway (later the Great Northern Railway) entered northern Dakota near Grand Forks; The GNRR, led by James J. Hill, completed its main line to the Montana border in 1887.

1880

Military reserves in the eastern and central portion of northern Dakota were opened to homesteading.

1882

The last great Indian buffalo hunt took place and the Turtle Mountain Reservation was established. Fire destroyed a large portion of Grand Forks.

1883

The territorial capital was moved from Yankton to Bismarck and the first capitol was constructed. A university (UND) at Grand Forks and a Presbyterian College (now Jamestown College) were established. The Marquis de Mores began a packing plant and other businesses and planned the town of Medora; these enterprises failed in 1886. Theodore Roosevelt first visited Medora; he later established two ranches in that vicinity that he utilized periodically until 1888.

1884

Half the city of Devils Lake was destroyed by fire.

1885

The first meeting of the Territorial Legislature was held at Bismarck and the Marquis de Mores was acquitted of murder in a trial at Bismarck. The Hospital for the Insane (now North Dakota State Hospital) was opened at Jamestown and the territorial prison (now the State Penitentiary) opened at Bismarck. The great "Dakota Boom" in settlement increased the territory's population during this era and the territorial census was taken.

1886

Severe winter in the western part of Dakota Territory put an end to open range ranching and the Bank of Hamilton (oldest state bank in North Dakota) was opened. The Soo Line Railway began construction in northern Dakota at Fairmont; the Soo completed its lines to Portal in 1893.

1887

The Standing Rock Indian Reservation was opened to homesteading , and the Board of Pharmacy, North Dakota's first examining board, was founded. The North Dakota Medical Association was founded at Larimore.

1889

North Dakota was admitted to the Union as the 39th state on November 2, and a State Constitution was adopted in October. North Dakota's first Governor, John Miller of Dwight, took office and the first State Legislature convened at Bismarck on November 19. Constitutional prohibition of alcoholic beverages was instigated, and the North Dakota Farmers Alliance was formed. The Catholic diocese of Jamestown was established (the offices were moved to Fargo in 1891).

1890

State Normal Schools at Valley City and Mayville (now State Universities), the State Agricultural College (now North Dakota State University) at Fargo, and the School for the Deaf at Devils Lake were opened. A State Agricultural Experiment Station was opened at Fargo. Panic among White settlers, stemming from Ghost Dance activities among the Sioux, rushed through western North Dakota. During his arrest by Indian Policemen, Hunkpapa Sioux leader, Sitting Bull, was killed on Standing Rock Indian Reservation.

1892

Early Republican Party domination of state politics was overthrown by the fusion of Democrats and Populists; Eli C.D. Shortridge was elected Governor. Laura J. Eisenhuth, the first woman to hold state office, was elected Superintendent of Public Instruction.

1893

The Industrial School at Ellendale (later known as the State Normal and Industrial School) was opened; this institution existed until 1971 when its Constitutional status was removed by referendum. The North Dakota Soldiers' Home was opened at Lisbon and fire destroyed almost the entire business section of Fargo.

1894

The Republican Party regained control of state government, a domination that continued until 1907. Fire destroyed four city blocks in LaMoure.

1895

The State Historical Society of North Dakota was incorporated with Clement A. Lounsberry as president.

1897

The first free public library opened at Grafton.

1898

North Dakota sent troops to assist in the Spanish-American War and fire almost destroyed the entire Bismarck business section.

1899

North Dakota lost its reputation as being the national divorce mecca when a 90-day residency law expired.

1900

Frank White of Valley City was elected Governor; when reelected in 1902, he became the state's first Governor to serve more than one term.

1901

The first North Dakota Pure Foods Law was passed and Theodore Roosevelt, previously a ranch operator in Dakota Territory, became President of the United States.

1903

Ft. Lincoln, located south of Bismarck, was completed and garrisoned; this military base became the training center for the State Militia and was later used as a detention camp for prisoners of war during World War II. The State Industrial School opened at Mandan.

1904

The State School of Science at Wahpeton and the School for Retarded (now Grafton State School) at Grafton were opened. A state-owned street car line began operation in Bismarck; commercial lines were operating in Fargo and Grand Forks.

1905

The only execution at the State Penitentiary occurred and the first irrigation works were constructed in North Dakota. The State Historical Society of North Dakota was given legal status and 1905 was the single largest construction year for railroads in North Dakota (529.3 miles).

1906

Charles Service of Park River became North Dakota's first automobile fatality.

1907

The first gas well in North Dakota was discovered south of Westhope. The State School of Forestry (now North Dakota State University, Bottineau Branch) opened at Bottineau and the American Society of Equity established a North Dakota union.

1908

Alexander McKenzie resigned as Republican national committeeman. North Dakota held its first statewide primary election; the state's first Presidential preference primary was held in 1912. The battleship "U.S.S. North Dakota", the first tubine-powered ship in the U.S. Navy, was launched; it was later scrapped in 1931.

1909

The first child labor laws were enacted and the State Library Commission was created. The first law for the organization of cooperative businesses was passed.

1910

The first airplane flight in North Dakota occurred at an exhibition in Grand Forks; the passenger was Frank V. Kent. Democrat John Burke became North Dakota's first three-term Governor and the Catholic diocese of Bismarck was created.

1911

The North Dakota state flag was designated and the first state motor vehicle licenses were issued.

1912

Constitutional amendments allowing initiative and referendum were passed by the electorate. The first Farmers Educational Cooperative Union was brought to North Dakota; the Equity Cooperative Exchange was formed and began agitation for a state-owned terminal elevator located at Duluth or Minneapolis.

1913

The Legislature passed a law making bootlegging a crime punishable by penitentiary imprisonment. John Burke, former North Dakota Governor, became Treasurer of the United States; his service extended until 1921. The State Normal School (now Minot State University) opened at Minot, the first North Dakota Farmers Union local was organized at Bismarck, and the State Highway Commission was authorized by the Legislature.

1915

The Nonpartisan League, an insurgent political movement, began organizing; within one year it obtained over 40,000 members. North Dakota's wheat crop was the largest to that date and the Legislature passed laws outlawing the death penalty except in cases where prison guards are murdered. The first state organization for Farmers Educational and Cooperative Union in North Dakota was formed.

1916

The Nonpartisan League captured control of the majority of state offices; Lynn J. Frazier was elected Governor. Completion of the Wildrose-Grenora branch line by the Great Northern Railway (36.3 mi.) ended the last major railway construction in the state and the State Supreme Court disallowed a ballot proposal to remove the state capital to New Rockford.

1917

North Dakota units were ordered into Federal military service during World War I and the Independent Voters Association, opposed to the Nonpartisan League, was formed at Grand Forks. A women's suffrage bill was signed into law, ratified in 1919, and women were allowed to vote in the first general election in 1920. Attorney General William Langer and law enforcement officers conducted the state's biggest raid; 44 were arrested in Minot on charges of gambling, prostitution, etc.

1918:

An Influenza epidemic swept the state killing 2,700 North Dakotans. The State Normal School (now Dickinson State University) opened at Dickinson and initiated measures sponsored by the Nonpartisan League allowed state-owned industries approved by the electorate.

1919:

The Bank of North Dakota was established at Bismarck and the State Mill and Elevator Commission was organized. A State Industrial Commission was created to manage state industries, the State Workman's Compensation Bureau was formed, and a North Dakota Council of Churches was founded. A windstorm hit Williams and Divide Counties killing 8 and injuring 40. North Dakota's first airplane fatality occurred when Brian Kerr was killed in a crash near Sutton, and A.C. Townley was convicted on charges of sedition in Minnesota.

1920:

A recall measure for state officials was added to the state constitution by a vote of the electorate. The beginning of rural economic depression came with the collapse of wartime prices for commodities, and the North Dakota branch of the Farm Bureau Federation was organized at Bismarck. Hazel Miner became a posthumous national hero when it was revealed that this fifteen-year old gave up her own life in a blizzard to save her younger siblings.

1921:

Governor Lynn J. Frazier, Attorney General William Lemke, and Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor John N. Hagan, all Nonpartisan League members, were recalled by voters in the first successful gubernatorial recall in the nation. North Dakota's first bus line was established and former Governor Frank White became Treasurer of the United States, a position he held until 1928.

1922:

Former Governor Lynn J. Frazier was elected to the U.S. Senate and the first motor vehicle bridge across the Missouri River was completed at Bismarck. North Dakota's first radio station, WDAY at Fargo, began broadcasting. The State Mill and Elevator began operations at Grand Forks and the North Dakota Wheat Growers Association was founded.

1923:

A uniform system for numbering and marking state hiways was developed; the profile of Sioux leader Marcellus Red Tomahawk was designated as the state hiway symbol.

1924:

The Liberty Memorial Building was completed on the state Capital grounds.

1927:

The North Dakota Farmers Union state organization was chartered with 13,000 members. Big Viking Oil Company of Williston began drilling; the company was broke by 1930.

1928:

An air mail service between the Twin Cities and Winnipeg through North Dakota was inaugurated, and Carl Ben Eielson of Hatton became the first person to fly nonstop over the arctic.

1929:

June was one of the driest on record in North Dakota, followed by continuing drought conditions throughout the 1930s; this period is often referred to as the "Dirty Thirties." This also marks the beginning of the Great Depression which continued until the beginning of World War II.

1930:

North Dakota's most severe windstorm was recorded with 1,847 buildings damaged, and the old territorial Capitol was destroyed by fire on December 28.

1931:

A state-owned street car line between downtown Bismarck and the state Capitol was discontinued. The International Peace Garden site was selected in North Dakota and Manitoba and the last lynching in the state occurred at Schafer.

1932:

The new Capitol building was dedicated; a second dedication was held the following year after allegations that the first cornerstone had been damaged. Prohibition agents hit a still at Jamestown making it the biggest raid west of Chicago; the still was capable of producing 1,000 gallons of moonshine a day. The prohibition clause of the state Constitution was repealed by the electorate and former Attorney General William Lemke was elected to congress. The Farmers Holiday Association was formed at Jamestown; farmers blockaded marketing points in northwestern North Dakota in an effort to raise commodity prices.

1933:

Governor William L. Langer proclaimed moratoriums on mortgage foreclosure sales and on the shipment of farm commodities from North Dakota; the latter was declared unconstitutional in 1934 by a Federal judge. A Farm Holiday Association strike in May proved unsuccessful and a violent strike at the new Capitol construction site forced a call-up of the North Dakota National Guard.

1934:

On July 18, the North Dakota Supreme Court disqualified Governor Langer as a result of his conviction for campaigning law violations and Lt. Governor Ole Olson assumed office.

1935:

Thomas Moodie, a Williston Democrat, was inaugurated Governor. Former Governor William Langer produced evidence that Moodie had violated a North Dakota residency law by voting in Minnesota and, on February 2, the North Dakota Supreme Court declared Moodie ineligible. Moodie served in office formally for only 4 days. Walter Welford, Lt. Governor, succeeded to office and became the state's fourth Governor in 7 months. State Welfare and Planning boards and the North Dakota Hiway Patrol was created. North Dakota's new Capitol Building was completed and the first credit union law was passed by the state Legislature.

1936:

William Langer became the first person in any state to be elected Governor in an individual column of state ballot and the sale of liquor was legalized by referendum. North Dakota recorded its lowest and highest official temperature readings (60 degrees below zero at Parshall and 120 degrees above at Steele). Drought devastated North Dakota's crops and congressman William Lemke ran for the Presidency on the Union Party ticket.

1937:

The Bismarck Tribune won the Pulitzer Prize for reporting about North Dakota's drought. The Water Conservation Commission was established and the first Soil Conservation district in North Dakota was organized in Kidder County. Baker Rural Electric Cooperative at Cando became the first in North Dakota to energize its transmission lines.

1938:

The first hard-surfaced hiway across North Dakota (U.S. 10) was completed.

1939:

Bismarck Junior College (now Bismarck State College) was established and its first building was constructed on the Capitol grounds.

1940:

The staff of the North Dakota National Guard was ordered into Federal service.

1941:

Units of the North Dakota National Guard were ordered into Federal military service during World War II; the 164th Infantry became the first American unit to fight in the Pacific during the battle of Guadalcanal in 1942. Lake Region Junior College (now University of North Dakota - Lake Region) was established at Devils Lake and 90 persons, 39 in North Dakota, were killed by a Red River Valley blizzard.

1942

A committee ruling calling for Senator Langer's ouster on charges of political corruption was rejected by the U.S. Senate. Drought and the Depression was broken by bumper wheat crops and prosperity returned to the northern plains.

1943

A Republican Organizing Committee (ROC) was formed to oppose the Nonpartisan League in the Republican column and North Dakota led the Nation in per capita war bond sales. The North Dakota Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the state's anti-corporation farmer act.

1944

The Pick-Sloan Plan for the development of Missouri River waters was approved by Congress.

1945

Senator John Moses died in office; Governor Fred Aandahl selected Milton R. Young as replacement. Young served continuously until 1981 becoming the nation's longest serving GOP senator. A train wreck on the outskirts of Michigan, North Dakota, killed 34 people.

1946

Construction of Garrison Dam began.

1947

A bill authorizing the creation of Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park was passed by Congress and signed by President Harry S. Truman; the park was dedicated June 4, 1949. A tornado in Walsh County killed 9 people.

1950

The Dickey Rural Telephone Mutual Aid Corporation became the state's first modern rural telephone cooperative and the 231st Engineering Battalion of the North Dakota National Guard was ordered into Federal service for the Korean Emergency.

1951

A radar base was activated at Finley; this installation operated until 1980. Oil was discovered near Tioga in April on the farm of Clarence Iverson and voter registration was repealed in North Dakota (still the only state not to have voter registration).

1952

The William J. Neil Electrical Generation plant near Velva began service; at the time of its completion, it was the largest coal-fired power plant in the United States. The nation's first jewel bearing factory opened at Rolla.

1953

The Garrison Dam closure ceremonies featured President Dwight D. Eisenhower and the first North Dakota television stations began broadcasting. Construction began on a pipeline from Tioga to Mandan and Bismarck Businessman Harold Schafer won the Horatio Alger Award. The bones of Sitting Bull were allegedly stolen from a grave at Fort Yates and reburied near Mobridge, South Dakota.

1954

Mandan's oil refinery was dedicated and the first gasoline extracted from petroleum in a North Dakota refinery occurred at Dickinson. The Heskett Electrical generation plant at Mandan went into service; an addition to this plant was energized in 1963. President Eisenhower signed a law authorizing the establishment of Grand Forks and Minot Air Force bases.

1956

The Nonpartisan League and the Democratic Party merged and the first contracts were let for Interstate highway systems (I-94 and I-29) in North Dakota. Mary College (now University of Mary) was established at Bismarck and the Fargo Forum received the Pulitzer Prize for its reporting about a tornado that swept the northwestern edge of Fargo killing 11 people. Construction began at the Grand Forks Air Force base; the base was completed in 1960.

1957

Construction began at the Minot Air Force base; this base was operational in December, 1959.

1958

Quentin N. Burdick, Democrat, became the first member of that party to be elected to congress from North Dakota and the first potato flake plant in the state was established in Grand Forks.

1959

Longtime state political figures Senator William Langer and Arthur C. Townley, first president of the Nonpartisan League, died in November and the North Dakota Economic Development Commission was established.

1960

Seven years after the Garrison Dam closure ceremonies the reservoir was completed and Lake Sakakawea was formed. Highway 29 became the first interstate highway to reach an international border and the first airplanes arrived at Grand Forks Air Force base. The passage of an initiated measure changed the name of North Dakota Agricultural College to North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science.

1961

Roger Maris from Fargo broke Babe Ruth's single season home run record.

1963

The Leland Olds Generating plant, North Dakota's first major lignite-fired power facility, began construction near Stanton. Uranium recovery from ore-rich lignite beds in southwestern North Dakota began and a bus body plant began operation at Pembina. Minuteman Missiles arrived at Grand Forks and Minot Air Force bases and the UND hockey team won a national intercollegiate championship.

1965

The first sugar beet refinery in North Dakota was established near Drayton and North Dakota's first Minuteman Missile was installed in an underground site near Inkster. President Lyndon Johnson signed into law authorization for the Garrison Diversion project.

1966

The worst blizzard in state history struck most of North Dakota in March and the first Minuteman II Missile Wing in the United States was declared operational at the Grand Forks Air Force base. Ground was broken for a new State Highway Department building on the Capitol grounds in Bismarck. Leland Olds Power Station No. 1 at Stanton began service; a second station at this plant was completed in 1975.

1967

The United Power Cooperative Generation facility near Stanton was begun.

1968

The Garrison Diversion project was authorized by congress and ground-breaking was held for the Snake Creek pumping plant. William L. Guy, Democratic-NPL, was elected to a four-year term, thus obtaining a longer tenure in the office than any predecessor (12 years). North Dakota's worst traffic accident occurred near Jamestown when 8 teenagers were killed and the first recorded earthquake occurred in North Dakota with its epicenter near Ashley.

1969

Minot was hit by the worst flood in history and college students instituted the "Zip to Zap" party bash for which the Army National Guard was called into active service. First Western Bank officials in Minot were indicted and 126 Minot teachers were dismissed during a strike. The United Tribes Employment Training Center (now the United Tribes Educational and Technical Center) opened near Bismarck.

1970

An ABM Missile installation began construction near Nekoma; the facility was completed in 1974, but closed several months later. Construction was initiated on the McClusky Canal portion of the Garrison Diversion project and Gary McDaniel, First National Bank president of Minot was convicted of embezzlement. Robert McCarney won a three-vote victory over Richard Elkin in the Republican Primary for the U.S. House.

1971

A State Constitutional Convention was held at Bismarck; the resulting document was defeated by state voters in 1972. The last area of North Dakota to receive telephone service, Squaw Gap in McKenzie County, was "cut over" by Reservation Telephone Cooperative. Milton R. Young Power Station No. 1 near Center began service; a second station at this plant energized in 1977. An Ellendale branch of UND was closed and Amtrack went into effect.

1972

The first rural water system in North Dakota, Grand Forks-Traill Water Users Association, began operation and prices for wheat nearly doubled after huge grain sales to Red China and the Soviet Union.

1973

Record high grain prices enervated North Dakota's economy and a sales tax on groceries was repealed. Viet Nam POWs Captain Loren Torkelson of Crosby and Keith Hall of Devils Lake were released. The Drake school ordered the banning of the novel Slaughterhouse Five by Kurt Vonnegut. The largest breakout at the state Penitentiary occurred; 10 prisoners escaped but all were apprehended within a week.

1974

Incumbent Republican Senator Milton R. Young defeated the Democratic-NPL challenger William L. Guy in the closest senate race in North Dakota history; the margin of victory was only 186 votes. Coal mining in North Dakota was delayed until reclamation and environmental issues were resolved and the first attempted airplane hijack in the state occurred at the Grand Forks airport.

1975

Congress voted to dismantle the Safeguard antiballistic missle complex in northeastern North Dakota. The worst blizzard in half a century (60 to 70 m.p.h. winds, coupled with 20 below zero temperature and snow) resulted in the deaths of 12 state residents and countless cattle; the following floods cost North Dakota $1 billion in damages. Thomas Kleppe of Bismarck was appointed U.S. Secretary of Interior. North Dakota became the only state legislature to ratify the ERA in 1975 and the North Dakota Coal Impact Office was created.

1976

Ground-breaking for the North Dakota Heritage Center was held at Bismarck as part of the state's celebration of the national bicentennial. The National Audubon Society filed suit to stop construction of the Garrison Diversion Project and North Dakota experienced its driest year since the 1930s. The state House ended in a tie of 50 delegates for each party as Republican Janet Wentz got a one-vote victory in district 41 and a federal trial began in Bismarck for Russell Means, an Indian activist.

1977

The last section of Interstate 29 was completed, thus making North Dakota the first state in the union to finish its assigned mileage in the Federal Controlled Access Highway System. North Dakota experienced its wettest year on record and an investigation ensued following the failure of the Towner Bank.

1978

An oil boom began in western North Dakota and a tornado hit Elgin killing 5 people. Sunflowers became the state's second largest cash crop and extensive spring flooding made 23 counties eligible for disaster assistance.

1979

Coal Creek Power Station No. 1 near Underwood went "on-line" and heavy flooding of the Red River caused much of Hillsboro to be evacuated.

1980

Construction began at Beulah on the nation's first plant to convert lignite coal to synthetic gas. Allen Olson was elected Governor; he was the first Republican to hold that office in 20 years (the Republicans also won the agriculture, insurance, and State Treasurer positions).

1981

The North Dakota Heritage Center at Bismarck officially opened and gambling for charitable purposes was legalized in North Dakota. Coyote Station No. 1 near Beulah, a coal-fired electrical generating facility, was opened.

1982

The Northern Tier Pipeline began and the Democrats gained control of the House for the first time in 16 years. Northern Lights, a movie about the NPL in North Dakota, won the Neil Simon Award for best picture.

1983

Two Federal marshals were shot and killed north of Medina and U.S. Representative Mark Andrews brought a malpractice suit against a hospital in Fargo. The Payment in Kind (PIK) Program was implemented to help farmers.

1984

A Federal trial began for Leonard Peltier, accused of shooting 2 Federal Marshals in South Dakota. Ruth Meiers became the state's first woman Lieutenant Governor; Democrats won the executive positions of Governor, Lieutenant Governor, State Treasurer, Attorney General, and Insurance Commissioner, but the Republicans regained control of the House.

1985

North Dakota's first ethanol plant was built at Walhalla and Beryl Levine became the first woman Justice on the North Dakota Supreme Court. North Dakota became the last state to have a confirmed case of the disease AIDS.

1986

The Democratic Party gained control of the North Dakota Senate for the first time in the state's history and Lieutenant Governor Ruth Meiers was diagnosed as having cancer; her duties were curtailed. 1986 was a bad year for North Dakota businesses; Staiger, Great Plains and Gold Seal were all reorganized.

1987

The North Dakota Agriculture Department fell victim to botched Central American potato sales and higher oil and cattle prices started to boost the state's economy. Lieutenant Governor Ruth Meiers died after a six-month battle with cancer and was replaced by Lloyd Omdahl. Fire at an agricultural chemical warehouse in Minot forced 10,000 people to leave their homes until the toxic fumes dissipated. United Mine Workers went on strike at Indian Head Mine near Zap and Virgil Hill of Williston won the World Boxing Association light-heavyweight boxing title.

1988

The first major drought since the 1930s was recorded and the Institution at San Haven was closed. Larry Remele, State Historian and editor for the State Historical Society of North Dakota, died in early June.